Dentistry simplified

 Bleaching / Teeth whitening/ Bleaching discoloured teeth Cosmetic dentistry has become an integral part of restorative dental practice.  It is generally perceived that whiter teeth enhance the beauty of a person's smile.  Etiology of Tooth discolouration- What is teeth discolouration??  TOOTH DISCOLOURATION - It refers to change in the colour or translucency of a tooth due to extrinsic or intrinsic factors.  Extrinsic discolouration- These include strains that are deposited on the external surface of the tooth.  Frequent intake of coffee, tea, red wine, carrot, oranges, etc can stain the teeth.  Poor oral hygiene and chronic smoking are also frequent causes of extrinsic factor.  Another common cause of extrinsic factor include chromogenic bacteria and prolonged use of mouthrinses containing chlorehexidine.  Intrinsic discolouration- These occurs because of stains incorporated within the tooth structure due to various reasons- 1) Intrapulpal ...

               DENTIN HYPERSENSITIVITY Dentin hypersensitivity is characterized by short, sharp pain arising from exposed dentin in response to stimuli typically thermal, evaporative, tactile, osmotic or chemical and which cannot be ascribed to any other form of dental defect or pathology.  ETIOLOGY- Several  predisposing factors lead to dentin hypersensitivity. Whenever there is loss of enamel or cementum leading to exposure of the underlying dentin, dentin hypersensitivity may occur.  Etiology of dentin hypersensitivity- ENAMEL LOSS                    CEMENTAL  LOSS . Occulsal wear                 . Gingival recession                                              . Periodontal disease . Toothbrush abrasion   ...

                          VITAMIN B 12  It is also known as Anti-pernicious anemia vitamin.  It is a unique vitamin synthesized by only microorganisms and not by animals and plants.  CHEMISTRY- The empirical formula of vitamin B12( cyanocobalamin) is  C63H90N14O14PCo.  The structure of vitamin B12 consist of corrin ring with a central cobalt atom.  There are 2 coenzyme forms of vitamin B12 a) Methyl cobalamin In which cyanide is replaced by methyl group.  b) 5-Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin- Cyanide is replaced by 5 deoxyadenosine forming an unusual carbon cobalt bond.   ABSORPTION, TRANSPORT AND STORAGE- The vitamin B12 is present in the diet in a bound form to proteins. B12 is liberated by the enzymes ( acid hydrolases) in the stomach. The dietary source of B12 is known as extrinsic factor of castle. The stomach secretes a special protein called intrinsic factor (IF). The cobalamin ...

                 MOUTHWASHES    TO RINSE THE MOUTH, MOUTHWASHES ARE USED. MOUTHWASHES can be used for both therapeutic or cosmetics purposes.  THERAPEUTIC MOUTHWASHES-  These MOUTHWASHES are formulated to reduce Gingivitis,stomatitis, dental caries and plaque.  COSMETIC MOUTHWASHES-  These mouthwashes are used to reduce bad breath through the use of antimicrobial or flavouring agents.  MOUTHWASHES GENERALLY CONTAINS 5 GROUPS- 1) HUMECTANTS 2) ALCOHOL 3) FLAVORS 4) SURFACTANTS 5) COLOURING AGENTS 1) HUMECTANTS- Such as glycerine and sorbitol. They form 5-20% of mouthwash. Increase the viscosity of preparation. Enhance the sweetness of the product. Along with ethanol, it improves the preservative qualities of the product.  2) ALCOHOL- It forms 10-20% of mouthwash. It function as solubilizing, preservative and flavouring agents. It enhances the flavour and provides certain sharpness to the taste.  3) ...

IMPACTED MANDIBULAR THIRD MOLARS Impacted mandibular third molars are classified on the basis if their position in the bone and relation to the adjoining tooth.  1)Based on relation of tooth to ramus of the mandible and second molars: Class 1 - where there is sufficient amount of space between ramus of mandible and distal surface of second molars to accommodate the mesio-distal diameter of crown of the third molar.  Class 2 - The space between distal surface of second molar and ramus is less than mesio- distal diameter if the crown of third molar.  Class 3 - when the third molar is located within the ramus of the mandible.  2) Based on relative depth of third molar in the bone: Position A-  when highest portion of the third molar is at the level of occlusal  line or above it.  Position B-  when the highest portion of the tooth is below the occlusal line but above the cervical line of second molar.  ...

                ORAL MALADOR Halitosis is a term used to describe noticeably unpleasant odor exhaled in breathing.  Synonym- Breath malodor, foul breath, fetor oris Or simply bad breath. CLASSIFICATION OF HALITOSIS- 1) GENUINE HALITOSIS- A) Physiological halitosis B) Pathological halitosis a) Oral b) Extra oral 2) PSEUDO-HALITOSIS- Obvious malodor is not perceived by others, although the patient stubbornly complains of its existence.  HALITOPHOBIA- After treatment for genuine halitosis or pseudo-halitosis the patient persist in believing that he or she has halitosis. ETIOLOGY- At least 90% of all malodor originates from the oral cavity. Whereas, the remaining 10% has systemic or normal causes.  The most common physiological and pathological causes of halitosis are- CAUSES FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL HALITOSIS- 1) MOUTH BREATHING.  2) MEDICATION 3...

    HABIT ( THUMB AND DIGIT SUCKING)   What is habit?  Tendency towards an act that has become a repeated performance, relatively fixed, consistent and easy  to perform by an individual.  THUMB AND DIGIT SUCKING- Placement of the thumb or one or more fingers in varying depths into the mouth.  It is normal till the age of 3 1/2- 4 years.  ETIOLOGY- 1)Freudian theory- a) Proposed by sigmond freud. b) In the oral phase, it is believed to be ORO- EROTIC ZONE. ( The child has the tendency bto place his fingers or other object into the oral cavity.) 2) Oral drive theory of sears and wise - Prolonged suckling can lead to thumb sucking. 3) Benjamin's theory- Movement of head and tongue  towards an object that touches his cheek .  4) Psychological aspect- Children deprived of parenteral love, care and affection resort to this habit.  5) Learned pattern- According to this thumb sucking ...