Dentistry simplified

IMPACTED MANDIBULAR THIRD MOLARS Impacted mandibular third molars are classified on the basis if their position in the bone and relation to the adjoining tooth.  1)Based on relation of tooth to ramus of the mandible and second molars: Class 1 - where there is sufficient amount of space between ramus of mandible and distal surface of second molars to accommodate the mesio-distal diameter of crown of the third molar.  Class 2 - The space between distal surface of second molar and ramus is less than mesio- distal diameter if the crown of third molar.  Class 3 - when the third molar is located within the ramus of the mandible.  2) Based on relative depth of third molar in the bone: Position A-  when highest portion of the third molar is at the level of occlusal  line or above it.  Position B-  when the highest portion of the tooth is below the occlusal line but above the cervical line of second molar.  ...

                ORAL MALADOR Halitosis is a term used to describe noticeably unpleasant odor exhaled in breathing.  Synonym- Breath malodor, foul breath, fetor oris Or simply bad breath. CLASSIFICATION OF HALITOSIS- 1) GENUINE HALITOSIS- A) Physiological halitosis B) Pathological halitosis a) Oral b) Extra oral 2) PSEUDO-HALITOSIS- Obvious malodor is not perceived by others, although the patient stubbornly complains of its existence.  HALITOPHOBIA- After treatment for genuine halitosis or pseudo-halitosis the patient persist in believing that he or she has halitosis. ETIOLOGY- At least 90% of all malodor originates from the oral cavity. Whereas, the remaining 10% has systemic or normal causes.  The most common physiological and pathological causes of halitosis are- CAUSES FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL HALITOSIS- 1) MOUTH BREATHING.  2) MEDICATION 3...

    HABIT ( THUMB AND DIGIT SUCKING)   What is habit?  Tendency towards an act that has become a repeated performance, relatively fixed, consistent and easy  to perform by an individual.  THUMB AND DIGIT SUCKING- Placement of the thumb or one or more fingers in varying depths into the mouth.  It is normal till the age of 3 1/2- 4 years.  ETIOLOGY- 1)Freudian theory- a) Proposed by sigmond freud. b) In the oral phase, it is believed to be ORO- EROTIC ZONE. ( The child has the tendency bto place his fingers or other object into the oral cavity.) 2) Oral drive theory of sears and wise - Prolonged suckling can lead to thumb sucking. 3) Benjamin's theory- Movement of head and tongue  towards an object that touches his cheek .  4) Psychological aspect- Children deprived of parenteral love, care and affection resort to this habit.  5) Learned pattern- According to this thumb sucking ...

                  MIDLINE DIASTEMA What is Midline Diastema?  It refers to Anterior midline spacing between the two maxillary central incisiors.  CAUSES/ ETIOLOGY- 1) MIDLINE PATHOLOGY- Midline diastema may occur because of of some soft tissue and hard tissue  pathologies such as cyst, tumor and odontomes .  2) IATROGENIC- Midline diastema occurs when rapid maxillary expansion is undertaken.  3) TOOTH MATERIAL ARCH- LENGTH DISCREPANCY- Conditions such as missing teeth, microdontia and extraction.  4) TRANSIENT MALOCCLUSION- As seen in ugly duckling stage.  5) PRESSURE HABITS- Such as thumb sucking, tongue thrusting predispose to midline diastema.  6) ABNORMAL FRENAL ATTACHMENT- Presence of thick and fleshy labial frenum.  7) UNERUPTED MESIODENS- Presence of an unerupted mesiodens between the two central incisiors pre...

                  HABIT (   BRUXISM)  BRUXISM-    Grinding of teeth for non functional purposes is called as Bruxism.  BRUXISM-  NOCTURNAL  GRINDING BRUXOMANIA-  GRINDING DURING THE DAY TIME.  ETIOLOGY/ CAUSES 1) Psychological and Emotional stresses.  2) Occlusal interference between centric relation  and centric occlusion.  3) Pericoronitis.  CLINICAL FEATURES- 1) TMJ pain and discomfort.  2) Occlusal wear facets.  3) Fracture of the teeth and Restoration.  4) Mobility of teeth.  5) Muscle pain when the patient wakes up in the morning.  DIAGNOSIS- 1) HISTORY 2) CLINICAL EXAMINATION 3) USE OF ARTICULATING PAPERS-  To check occlusal Prematurites. TREATMENT- 1) Psychological Counselling.  2) Hypnosis, Relaxing exercise and masssage.  3) Use of N...

HABIT (MOUTH BREATHING HABIT)  Mouth breathing has been attributed as a possible etiological factor for malocclusion.  CLASSIFICATION OF MOUTH  BREATHERS- Mouth breathers can be classified into 3 tapes 1) ANATOMIC 2) HABITUAL 3) OBSTRUCTIVE 1) ANATOMIC- An anatomic mouth breathers is one whose lip morphology does not permit complete closure of the mouth, such as a patient having short upper lip.  2) HABITUAL A habitual mouth breather is one who  continues to breathe through his mouth even though the nasal obstruction is removed.  3) OBSTRUCTIVE  obstruction of the nasal passage  that is complete Or partial can result in mouth breathing.  Causes of Nasal obstruction- 1) Chronic inflammation of nasal mucosa.  2) Allergic reaction of nasal mucosa.  3) Localized benign tumors.  4) Deviated nasal septum.  5) Obstructive adenoids.  6)...

   HABIT (  TONGUE THRUST HABIT)  It is defined as condition in which the tongue makes contact with any teeth anterior to the molars during swallowing.  ETIOLOGY Fletcher has proposed the following factors being the cause for tongue thrusting.  1) Learned behavior  Tongue thrust can be acquired as a habit. The pre disposing factors are- a) Tenderness of gum or teeth.  b) Improper bottle feeding.  c) Prolonged thumb sucking.  d) Prolonged tonsillar and upper respiratory tract infections.  2) Genetic factors Some of the anatomic or neuromuscular variations in the oro -facial region that can precipitate tongue thrust. Ex- Hypertonic orbicularis oris activity.  3) Maturational Infantile swallow changes to maturational swallow, once the posterior deciduous teeth are erupting.  4) Mechanical restrictions Conditions such as Macroglosssia, constricted dental arches, en...