Dentistry simplified

               DENTAL IMPLANTS Dental Implants is a great way to replace missing teeth and provide fixed  solution to  having removable partial or complete denutures. Implants provide excellent support and stability for these dental procedures.  Components of Dental Implants DENTAL IMPLANTS is an option to replace a missing tooth.  Types of Implants- A) According to the Relationship to the bone- 1) Endosteal:  These dental implants are placed in the jawbone. They are made of titanium and shaped like small screws, and are the most commonly used type of implant. 2) Subperiosteal:  These dental implants are placed under the gum but on, or above, the jawbone. These implant may be used in patients who do not have enough healthy natural jawbone.  3) Transosteal Implants- These are combination of subperiosteal and endosteal implants. These are especially used in the Anterior part of the mand...

                      GINGIVITIS INFLAMMATION of gingival is termed as gingivitis. Types of Gingivitis- 1) Depending on the course and duration 2) Depending on the distribution    Depending on the course and duration- a) Acute Gingivitis- Acute gingivitis is of sudden onset, short duration and can be painful. b) Sub acute gingivitis- It is less severe phase of acute conditions. c) Chronic Gingivitis- It is of slow onset, of long duration. Usually painless and the most commonly occurring gingival conditions. d) Reccurent gingivitis- Reappears either after treatment or disappears spontaneously. Depending on the distribution a) localized gingivitis- If the condition is involving a single tooth or group of teeth it is called localized gingivitis.  b) Generalized gingivitis- If the condition involves the entire mouth, it is called generalized gingivitis.  Based on di...

          FLUOROQUINOLONES This are quinolones antimicrobials having one or more fluorine substitutions.  Fluorination of the quinolone structure at position 6 and introduction of a piperazine substitution at position 7 resulting in a derivative called fluoroquinolones.  Classification- First Generation fluroquinolones- Norfloxacin                       ofloxacin Ciprofloxacin                     pefloxacin Second Generation fluroquinolones- Lomefloxacin                     sparofloxacin Levofloxacin                       Gatifloxacin                                           ...

                        Quinolones These are synthetic antimicrobials having a quinolone structure and are active against gram negative bacteria.  Nalidixic acid is the first member.                      Nalidixic acid 1.It is  active against gram- negative bacteria especially E. Coli, proteus, klebsiella. Adverse effects of Nalidixic acid  1.  Individuals with G-6PD deficiency may develop haemolysis.  2.  Phototoxicty is rare.  3.  Consist mainly of g. i upset and rashes.  4.  Most important toxicity is neurological- headche, drowsiness, vertigo, visual disturbance, seizures.  Uses of nalidixic acid- 1.  used as urinary antiseptic.  2.  Used in diarrhoea caused by shigella, E. Coli and proteus. 

         COTRIMOXAZOLE COTRIMOXAZOLE is the fixed dose combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.  Sequential block in bacterial folate metabolism PABA-para aminobenzoic acid, DHFA-Dihydrofolic acid, THFA-Tetrahydrofolic acid.   brand names include are  Septra, Bactrim, Apo-Sulfatrim, or Novo-Trimel.  Cotrimoxazole  comes in tablet and liquid form. Adverse effects of cotrimoxazole a) Nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, headache and rashes - Are common manifestations.  b) Neonatal haemolysis and methhaemoglobinemia occurs.  c) Hypersensitivity- Hypersensitivity reaction like rashes, headache and stomatitis  occurs.  d) Blood dyscrasis occurs rarely.  e) Folate deficiency (megaloblastic anaemia)  Occurs only in patients with marginal folate levels.  f) Should not be given during pregnancy. Trimethoprim being an antifolate there is a teratogenic ...

                   SULFONAMIDES First antimicrobial agents effective against pyogenic bacterial infections were sulfonamides.  Chemistry They are considered as derivative of sulfanilamide(p-aminobenzene sulfonamides).  Examples of sulfonamides include: sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (Bactrim, Bactrim DS, Septra, Septra DS) sulfasalazine (Azulfidine, Sulfazine) sulfisoxazole (Truxazole) What formulations are sulfonamides are available? tablets, injections, and oral solutions. Classication 1.Short Acting (4-8hr) - Sulfadizine 2.Intermediate acting (8-12hr) - Sulfamethoxazole 3.Long Acting(~7days)  Sulfadoxine 4.Special purpose sulfonamides- Sulfacetamide sod., Mafenide, silver sulfadiazine, sulfasalazine.  Adverse effects of Sulfonamides a)   Nausea, vomiting and epigastric pain are common.  b) Neutropenia are rare....

          USES OF CHLORAMPHENICOL 1) H. Influenza Meningitis- Chloramphenicol is highly efficacious and it has excellent penetrability into CSF.  2) Intraocular Infections- Chloramphenicol given systemically attains high  concentration in ocular fluids. It is the preffered drug for endophthalmitis caused by sensitive organism.  3) Topically- In conjunctivitis, external ear infection chloramphenicol 0.5-5.0%is highly effective.  4) Enteric Fever- Till recently chloramphenicol was the drug of choice for typhoid fever. Chloramphenicol does not prevent or cure carrier state.  5) Anaerobic Infections- It is effective in anaerobic infections caused by Bact. fragilis and other wound infections and brain abscesses.  6) As second choice drug-drug- a)  To Erythromycin - for whooping cough.  b) To tetracycline- for brucellosis and rickettsial infections especially in children and pre...