Dentistry simplified

 Nursing caries and Rampant caries Nursing caries It is a unique pattern of dental caries in very young children due to prolonged and improper feeding habits.  Etiologic agents in nursing cares 1) Bovine milk, milk formulas and human breast milk have all been implicated in nursing caries because of their lactose contents.  2)  The basic mechanism of demineralization is the same and the caries tetralogy is the key in the whole process of nursing caries as all the four variables, pathogenic microorganisms, substrates, host factor( tooth) and time are essential in causing demineralization.  Pathogenic microorganisms- 1) Streptococcus mutans is the principle organism which colonized the tooth after it erupt into oral cavity.  2) It is transmitted to the infanta mouth primarily through mother.  3) It is considered more virulent because of the following reasons- a) It colonized the teeth.  b) It produces  large amount of acid.  c) It produces ...

          Dry mouth/Xerostomia Xerostomia is commonly known as dryness mouth. It results from an inadequate flow of saliva. It  often occurs as a symptom of a medical disorder or a side effect of certain medications, such as antihistamines, decongestants, pain killers, diuretics and many others. Symptoms of Dry Mouth? Common symptoms include: A sticky, dry feeling in the mouth Frequent thirst  Cracked lips and Mouth sores at the corners of the mouth.  A dry feeling in the throat tingling  or burning sensation in the mouth and especially on the tongue.  A dry, red, raw tongue.  Problems speaking or trouble tasting, chewing, and swallowing Hoarseness, dry nasal passages, sore throat.  Bad breath.  Causes of xerostomia- 1) Medicines Drugs like Antihistamines, decongestants, hypertensive medications  , muscle relaxants, urinary continence drugs, some  Parkinson's disease...

                   Mouth Ulcers Mouth ulcers are also known as canker sores. These are  small, painful lesions that develop in your mouth or at the base of your gums. They can make eating, drinking, and talking uncomfortable. Symptoms of mouth ulcers The symptoms of a mouth ulcer depend upon the cause, but may include:   painful sores   swollen skin around the sores problems with chewing or tooth brushing because of the tenderness On taking salty, spicy or sour foods , irritation of the sores.  Causes of Mouth ulcers Mouth sores can occurs  from minor everyday causes to serious illnesses. Usually, a mouth sore might develop if you: bite your tongue, cheek, or lip burn your mouth experience irritation from a sharp object, such braces, retainer, or dentures brush your teeth too hard, or use a very firm toothbrush chew tobacco Herpes simplex virus.  braces.  poo...

  BLEACHING  PROCEDURE 1) NON-VITAL/INTRACORONAL BLEACHING a) In-office thermocatalytic bleaching b) Walking bleach.  2) VITAL/ EXTRACORONAL BLEACHING a) In-office thermocatalytic bleaching b) In-office power bleaching c) In-office bleaching for fluorosed teeth d) At home vital bleaching ( Night guard bleaching).  1) NON-VITAL BLEACHING- Pre- requisites for non-vital bleaching- 1) Good quality 3 dimensional obturation with gutta percha.  2) Asymptomatic teeth.  3) No periapical lesions.  Indications- 1) Non vital bleaching is  best suited for intact anterior teeth that have discoloured due to intrapulpal hemorrhage or pulp necrosis.  Contraindications- 1) Extensive tooth loss 2) Presence of cracks and hypoplastic areas 3) Presence of discolouration due to metallic salts 4) Extensive restoration.  Preliminary preparation 1) Thorough cleaning and polishing of the tooth to check the degree of discolouration.  2) Shade selection 3) Refi...

 Bleaching / Teeth whitening/ Bleaching discoloured teeth Cosmetic dentistry has become an integral part of restorative dental practice.  It is generally perceived that whiter teeth enhance the beauty of a person's smile.  Etiology of Tooth discolouration- What is teeth discolouration??  TOOTH DISCOLOURATION - It refers to change in the colour or translucency of a tooth due to extrinsic or intrinsic factors.  Extrinsic discolouration- These include strains that are deposited on the external surface of the tooth.  Frequent intake of coffee, tea, red wine, carrot, oranges, etc can stain the teeth.  Poor oral hygiene and chronic smoking are also frequent causes of extrinsic factor.  Another common cause of extrinsic factor include chromogenic bacteria and prolonged use of mouthrinses containing chlorehexidine.  Intrinsic discolouration- These occurs because of stains incorporated within the tooth structure due to various reasons- 1) Intrapulpal ...

               DENTIN HYPERSENSITIVITY Dentin hypersensitivity is characterized by short, sharp pain arising from exposed dentin in response to stimuli typically thermal, evaporative, tactile, osmotic or chemical and which cannot be ascribed to any other form of dental defect or pathology.  ETIOLOGY- Several  predisposing factors lead to dentin hypersensitivity. Whenever there is loss of enamel or cementum leading to exposure of the underlying dentin, dentin hypersensitivity may occur.  Etiology of dentin hypersensitivity- ENAMEL LOSS                    CEMENTAL  LOSS . Occulsal wear                 . Gingival recession                                              . Periodontal disease . Toothbrush abrasion   ...

                          VITAMIN B 12  It is also known as Anti-pernicious anemia vitamin.  It is a unique vitamin synthesized by only microorganisms and not by animals and plants.  CHEMISTRY- The empirical formula of vitamin B12( cyanocobalamin) is  C63H90N14O14PCo.  The structure of vitamin B12 consist of corrin ring with a central cobalt atom.  There are 2 coenzyme forms of vitamin B12 a) Methyl cobalamin In which cyanide is replaced by methyl group.  b) 5-Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin- Cyanide is replaced by 5 deoxyadenosine forming an unusual carbon cobalt bond.   ABSORPTION, TRANSPORT AND STORAGE- The vitamin B12 is present in the diet in a bound form to proteins. B12 is liberated by the enzymes ( acid hydrolases) in the stomach. The dietary source of B12 is known as extrinsic factor of castle. The stomach secretes a special protein called intrinsic factor (IF). The cobalamin ...