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Routes of drug Administration.

ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

 1.local Routes      2. Systemic Routes

local Routes:  used for localized lesions at accessible sites and for drugs whose systemic absorption from these sites is absent or minimal. Local routes are-
a)  TOPICAL       b)  DEEPER TISSUE 
C) ARTERIAL SUPPLY.

a) TOPICAL:  refers to external application of the drug to the surfacefor localized action. Ex- drugs are delivered to the localized lesions on skin, nasal mucosa, eyes, ear canal in the form of lotion, ointment, cream, powder, rinse, drops, spray.

b) DEEPER TISSUES:  certain deep areas can be approached by using a syringe and needle. Ex-Intra - articular injection ( hydrocortisone acetate) ,Intrathecal injection (lidocaine).

Systemic Routes: Drugs in these routes are absorbed into the blood stream and distributed all over including the site of action through circulation. Systemic routes are-
a) ORAL   b) BUCCAL or SUBLINGUAL
c) RECTAL  d) CUTANEOUS  e) INHALATION
f) NASAL    g) PARENTERAL

a) ORAL:  oral ingestion is the oldest and commonest mode of drug Administration.
Solid dosage form that can be given orally include ( powder, tablets, capsules) .Liquid dosage form that can be given orally include (elixirs, syrups, emulsions, mixtures.)


b) BUCCAL or SUBLINGUAL:   The tablet containing the drug is placed under the tongue or crushed in the mouth and spread over the buccal mucosa. Ex - GTN, buprenorphine, desaminooxytocin.

c) RECTAL:  certain irritant and unpleasant drugs  can be put into rectum for systemic effects. Used in patient  having reccurent  vomiting or unconsciousness. Ex-Diazepam, paraldehyde.

d) CUTANEOUS:  highly lipid  soluble drug can be applied over the skin for slow and prolonged absorption.

e) INHALATION:  volatile liquid and gases are given by inhalation for systemic effects. Ex- general anaesthetic.

f) NASAL:  The mucous membrane of the nose can readily absorb many drug, digestive juices. Ex-GnRH agonist and desmopressin applied as a spray.

g) PARENTRAL:  drug is administered by injection in the blood without crossing the intestinal mucosa. Important parentral routes are:   1.  Subcutaneous
           2.     Intramuscular (i.m)
            3.      Intravenous (i.v)
             4.       Intradermal injection. 
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