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Antimicrobial drugs

                 ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS 






Antimicrobial drugs can be classified in many ways:   

A)  chemical  structure

1.sulfonamides and related drugs:   sulfadiazine, sulfones_ Dapsone, paraaminosalicyclic acid. 

2.Diaminopyrimidines: Trimethoprim, pyrimethamine. 

3.Quinolones:   Nalifixic acid, Norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, Gatifloxacin. 

4.Beta_lactam antibiotics:   penicillin, cephalosporins, Monobactams, carbapenems. 

5.Tetracyclines:   oxytetracycline, Doxycycline. 

6.Nitrobenzene derivative:  chloramphenicol. 

7.Aminoglycosides:   streptomycin, Gentamicin, Amikacin, Neomycin. 

8.Macrolide antibiotics:  Erythromycin, clarithromycin, Azithromycin. 

9.Lincosamide antibiotics:  lincomycin, clindamycin. 

10.Glycopeptide  antibiotics:  vancomycin, Teicoplanin. 

11.Oxazolidinone:   Linezolid. 

12.Polypeptide antibiotics:   polymyxin-B, colistin, bacitracin, Tyrothricin. 

13.Nitrofuran derivative:   Nitrofurantoin, furazolidone. 

14.Nitroimidazoles:   Metronidazole, Tinidazole. 

15.Nicotinic acid derivatives:   Isoniazid, pyrazinamide, Ethionamide. 

16.Polyene antibiotics:   Nystatin, Amphotericin-B, Hamycin. 

17.Azole derivatives:   Miconazole, clotrimazole, ketoconazole, Fluconazole. 

18 Others: Rifampin, viomycin, clofazimine. 

B) Mechanism of Action

1.cell wall synthesis is inhibited:   penicillin, cephalosporin, cycloserine, vancomycin, Bacitracin. 

2 .Cause leakage from cell membranes:   Polypeptide-Polymyxins, colistin, Bacitracin. Polyenes- Amphotericin-B, Nystatin, Hamycin. 

3protein synthesis is inhibited:  Tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, Erythromycin, clindamycin, linezolid. .

C) Type of organisms against which primarily active

1.Antibacterial:  Penicillin, Aminoglycosides, Erythromycin. 

2.Anifungal:   Griseofulvin, Amphotericin B, ketoconazole. 

3.Antiviral:   Acyclovir, Amantadine, zidovudine.

4.Antiprotozoal:  Chloroquine, Pyrimethamine, Metronidazole, Diloxanide. 

5.Anthelmintic:   Mebendazole, pyrantel, Nicolsamide. 

D) spectrum of activity


1.Narrow spectrum:  Penicillin G, streptomycin, Erythromycin. 

2.Broad spectrum:   Tetracycline, chloramphenicol. 

E) Type of Action

1.Bacteriostatic: Sulfonamides, Tetracycline, chloramphenicol, Erythromycin, Linezolid, clindamycin. 

2.Bactericidal:   Penicillin, Aminoglycosides, Rifampin, Isoniazid, cephalosporin, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin. 



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