Skip to main content

Beta lactam antibiotics

   BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS

These are antibiotics having beta lactam ring. 
Major groups are: 1. penicillin  2. Cephalosporin.







                              

                        PENICILLIN

1.Penicillin was the first antibiotics to be used in 1941.
2. It was obtained from the fungus penicillium notatum. 
3.chemical structure of penicillin:  consist of Thiazolidine ring, beta lactam ring, (x)  bond which is broken by Penicillinase. 

 Chemical  structure of penicillin:





Classification: 

1.Natural penicillin - ex- Penicillin-G(Benzyl penicillin) 

2. Semisynthetic penicillin: 

a)  Acid resistent alternative to penicillin G:  phenoxymethyl penicillin. 
b)  penicillinase resistant penicillin : Methicillin, cloxacillin
C) Extended spectrum antibiotics:  
   1.Aminopenicillins - Ampicilllin, Bacampicilllin, Amoxicilllin. 

    2.Carboxypenicilllins- carbenicillin, Ticarcilllin. 

    3.Ureidopenicilllins_ piperacilllin, mezlocilllin. 

Beta lactamase inhibitors - clavulanic acid, sulbactam, Tazobactam.





           CEPHALOSPORINS

1.Group of semisynthetic antibiotics derived from cephalosporin- C. 
2. Obtained from fungus cephalosporium. 
3.chemical structure of cephalosporin


Classification: 

First generation cephalosporin: 

Parenteral                        oral
a) cephalothin              a) cephalexin
b) cefazolin                   b) cephradine 
                                        C) cefadroxil

Second generation cephalosporin: 

Parentral                             oral
a) cefuroxime                   a) cefaclor
b) cefoxitin                        b) cefuroxime axetil
Third generation cephalosporin: 

Parenteral                              oral
a) cefotaxime                     a) cefixime
b) ceftizoxime                b) cefpodoxime proxetil
c) ceftriaxone                 c) cefdinir
d) ceftazidime                 d) ceftibuten
e) cefoperazone              e) ceftamet pivoxil

Fourth generation cephalosporin: 

Parenteral
a) cefepime
b) cefpirome. 












Labels:

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Bleaching / Teeth whitening/ Bleaching discoloured teeth

 Bleaching / Teeth whitening/ Bleaching discoloured teeth Cosmetic dentistry has become an integral part of restorative dental practice.  It is generally perceived that whiter teeth enhance the beauty of a person's smile.  Etiology of Tooth discolouration- What is teeth discolouration??  TOOTH DISCOLOURATION - It refers to change in the colour or translucency of a tooth due to extrinsic or intrinsic factors.  Extrinsic discolouration- These include strains that are deposited on the external surface of the tooth.  Frequent intake of coffee, tea, red wine, carrot, oranges, etc can stain the teeth.  Poor oral hygiene and chronic smoking are also frequent causes of extrinsic factor.  Another common cause of extrinsic factor include chromogenic bacteria and prolonged use of mouthrinses containing chlorehexidine.  Intrinsic discolouration- These occurs because of stains incorporated within the tooth structure due to various reasons- 1) Intrapulpal ...
8 comments
Read more

Complications in oral surgery

 Complications in oral surgery INTRODUCTION Oral surgical procedures can be compli cated by various untoward incidents d uring the surgery or in the recovery phase. The best way in the management o f complications is prevention. CLASSIFICATION The complications can be classified as follows- 1. Intra-operative complications- a) Local complications b) Systemic complications. 2. Post-operative complications- a) Immediate Local complications Systemic complications. b) Delayed Local complications Systemic complications. Intra-operative complications a) Haemorrhage.  b) Nerve injury.  c) Oro-antral perforation and fistula formation.  d) Oro-nasal fistula.  e) Fracture of the bone or tooth.  f) TMJ dislocation.  g) Displacement of tooth into spaces.  h)Fracture of maxillary tuberosity.  i) Damage to the adjoining dental structures.  j) Angio-neurotic oedema.  k) Emphysema Post-operative complications a)Infec...
4 comments
Read more
                          VITAMIN B 12  It is also known as Anti-pernicious anemia vitamin.  It is a unique vitamin synthesized by only microorganisms and not by animals and plants.  CHEMISTRY- The empirical formula of vitamin B12( cyanocobalamin) is  C63H90N14O14PCo.  The structure of vitamin B12 consist of corrin ring with a central cobalt atom.  There are 2 coenzyme forms of vitamin B12 a) Methyl cobalamin In which cyanide is replaced by methyl group.  b) 5-Deoxyadenosyl cobalamin- Cyanide is replaced by 5 deoxyadenosine forming an unusual carbon cobalt bond.   ABSORPTION, TRANSPORT AND STORAGE- The vitamin B12 is present in the diet in a bound form to proteins. B12 is liberated by the enzymes ( acid hydrolases) in the stomach. The dietary source of B12 is known as extrinsic factor of castle. The stomach secretes a special protein called intrinsic factor (IF). The cobalamin ...
Post a Comment
Read more